I’m just going to repeat with emphasis some of what others have said here, because these points are so important that they can’t be overemphasized.
Before we get to the medical specifics, take a deep breath. Then take another, and repeat as needed. You will lick this, as thousands of others have. The Joslin Diabetes Center (pretty much the gold standard in diabetes care) routinely awards medals to people who have survived with diabetes for 25, 50, and 75 years. Recently they awarded their first 80-year medal. We have some of those people here in the community. A century ago, diabetes was the end of life. But that was a century ago. This is now.
Point being, as someone very wise once said, diabetes is a marathon, not a sprint. It’s not going anywhere, and neither are you. So pace yourself. The immediate problems will get solved and the picture will come into focus. It may take a little while, but so what? You’re not going anywhere.
Now to specifics. There’s a ton of good advice above. I’m just going to reinforce two of the most critical things.
First, as Melitta says, you must start with an accurate diagnosis; everything else flows from that. And your symptoms do sound like classic adult-onset Type 1 diabetes. You wouldn’t know it—until this happened you wouldn’t have any reason to—but misdiagnosis of this kind is widespread. The majority of doctors have an automatic pilot that says, “if diagnosed as a child, it must be Type 1; if as an adult, Type 2”. Consequently when an adult presents with diabetic symptoms, too often the doctor will just assume (without testing!!) that it’s Type 2. In thousands of cases, this is tragically wrong.
There are specific tests that will give a definitive answer, and you need to have them done. If your primary doctor won’t do them, or doesn’t understand them, get a referral to an endocrinologist who does. This is just too important to a-s-s-u-m-e about.
Second, insulin isn’t something to be afraid of. Quite the contrary: it’s a lifeline in the most literal meaning of the word. I am a true Type 2. No doctor ever so much as even suggested insulin to me. After some years, I eventually realized that I simply would never get the control I wanted without it. So I marched in and demanded it. It has turned my diabetes (and many other aspects of my life) around and I wish I had done it years earlier.
But whether that’s the answer for you or not, you need to know so you can tame this beast properly and get healthy and happy again. Get those tests.
Just one more thing: our culture tends to be blame-happy, and there are plenty of people in the media and in private life who will try to make you think you are somehow responsible for doing this to yourself. You aren’t. You didn’t do this and it isn’t your fault. Life dropped a bomb on you, but it’s one that can be overcome. “When life hands you lemons—add vodka.” 
